The number of letters in the Urdu alphabet is somewhat ambiguous and debated. While this type of script is convenient in Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew, whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an Indo-European language, which require more precision in vowel sound pronunciation, hence necessitating more memorisation. As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other.
The Urdu script is an abjad script derived from the modern Persian script, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic script.
But the Nastaliq style in which Urdu is written uses more than three general forms for many letters, even in simple non-decorative documents. In the Arabic alphabet, and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word (though Arabic calligraphy can add a great deal of complexity). Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its Naskh counterpart. It is the dominant style in Pakistan and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. After the Mughal conquest, Nastaʻliq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. The Nastaliq calligraphic writing style began as a Persian mixture of the Naskh and Ta'liq scripts. Urdu is written in the Nastaliq style ( Persian: نستعلیق Nastaʿlīq). Other than the Indian subcontinent, the Urdu script is also used by Pakistan's large diaspora, including in the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, the United States, Canada, Saudi Arabia and other places. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the internet. The Pakistani national newspaper Daily Jang was the first Urdu newspaper to use Nastaʿlīq computer-based composition. It is closely related to the development of the Nastaʻliq style of Perso-Arabic script.ĭespite the invention of the Urdu typewriter in 1911, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as katibs or khush-navees until the late 1980s. The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the Perso-Arabic script and has its origins in 13th century Iran. 9.1 Glossary of key words from letter names.3.2 Additional characters and variations.
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